Kynurenic Acid From Rhizopus arrhizus Activates MAPK Signaling to Promote Liver Tumor Development
Fungi in the gut microbiota influence liver cancer progression. Rhizopus arrhizus is enriched from metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease to hepatocellular carcinoma and accelerates tumorigenesis in mice. It produces kynurenic acid, which enhances proliferation, suppresses apoptosis, binds IQGAP1, and activates MAPK signaling, promoting cancer development.
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