The Dual Role of the Lung Microbiota in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: From Pulmonary Homeostasis to Dysbiosis

Rather than focusing on individual pathogens, this review examines chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through an ecological lens, emphasizing microbial community dynamics and function. It discusses how altered airway environments and dysbiosis may reinforce one another, creating a self-sustaining cycle that contributes to inflammation, exacerbations, and progressive lung dysfunction.